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Analog & PCB / Case study

KHN universal filter

A 1.5 kHz state-variable filter taken from simulation to an assembled two-layer board.

ContributionCo-developer with Youssef I. Mohammed

PeriodSpring 2026

1.5 kHzDesign frequency

4Outputs

2PCB layers

System overviewConceptual · not a schematic

01Analog input
02KHN state-variable filter
03LP · HP · BP · notch
04Measured response

Functional overview reconstructed from the career materials.

Explore the filter response

Four outputs from a state-variable filter

Ideal analytical model

Model Q: 0.71

The project’s design frequency is 1.5 kHz. This ideal second-order model uses normalized unity-gain LP/HP responses, unity-peak BP and a summed notch response. Q is an exploratory control, not a measured board parameter. The original bench plot remains an asset placeholder.

The engineering problem

Analog circuits coursework at AUC.

Produce simultaneous low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and notch outputs, and validate the response on real hardware.

Approach & contribution

01

Designed and simulated the KHN filter in NI Multisim.

02

Created the schematic library and custom footprints in Altium Designer, then a double-layer PCB layout with ground planes.

03

Fabricated and assembled the board in-house with Youssef I. Mohammed.

Results & boundaries

Validated frequency response using an oscilloscope and function generator.

Original plots and board photographs have not yet been supplied for this portfolio; no tolerance or error figures are claimed.

Content basis: MAZEN_CONTEXT v1.3, 9 October 2026

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